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Kernel and driver logs use the first serial port. Capture them while booting QEMU:

qemu-system-x86_64 -cdrom target/ghost.iso -m 1024 -smp 2 \
  -serial file:/tmp/ghost.serial.log -no-reboot

For GDB, add -s -S to pause before execution and expose a server on port 1234. Use an x86-64-capable GDB with kernel/kernel as the symbol file:

target remote localhost:1234
break kernelMain
continue

When debugging container-built artifacts, map /ghost/source to the local checkout. Use distinct serial-log paths for concurrent VMs.